Abstract: It has been found that short chain fatty acids(SCFAs) play an important role in regulating host intestinal tract, and SCFAs are a kind of metabolites of human intestinal microflora. Experiments show that SCFAs are involved in regulating the physiological functions of hosts. This article reviews the pharmacological effects of SCFAs on protecting intestinal physiological functions, and provides theoretical basis for the application of SCFAs.
Keyword: short chain fatty acids; intestinal flora; steady state;
在腸上皮中,SCFAs調節干細胞的增殖、抗微生物分子和緊密連接分子的表達,以及細胞因子和趨化因子的產生[37]。SCFAs可增加細胞膜的組裝和粘膜細胞的遷移,促進健康結腸細胞的增殖和分化。SCFAs對粘膜愈合和防止粘連有積極作用。SCFAs不僅有助于結腸上皮的重建,還可以保護結腸上皮免受細菌、活性氧或免疫調節前列腺素等外界損傷,其中由SCFAs增加表達的上皮粘液蛋白2(MUC2)在健康腸道和炎癥腸道中最為突出[11]。Van der Sluis等人證明[12],MUC2缺乏小鼠會自發地發展結腸炎和結腸癌,這表明粘液層在結腸內穩態和防止外部傷害方面具有關鍵作用。動物研究表明,SCFAs除了具有保護上皮細胞的粘液物理屏障外,還可以通過調節氧化應激、免疫調節因子和降低免疫調節劑的水平來保護黏液層免受損傷保護上皮細胞。越來越多的證據表明,SCFAs可以調節氧化應激,可能是通過HDAC抑制來實現的。體外研究表明乙酸鹽和丁酸鹽、丙酸鹽和丁酸鹽的生理混合物可保護結腸細胞免受活性氧引起的DNA損傷。丁酸鹽對上皮內穩態起著重要作用,可激活氧傳感器缺氧誘導因子,保護腸道完整性、抑制腸道組織中的炎癥和不良免疫反應。丁酸鹽在穩態條件下通過GPR43介導的轉錄因子STAT3和m TOR的激活促進包括β-防御素和Reg3γ在內的抗菌分子的表達,異戊酸通過激活PKA介導的血管緊張素a(ACh)誘發的縱向肌層平滑肌收縮(即舒張)受濃度依賴性抑制。Kelly等[13]體外實驗表明,在培養的腸上皮細胞系中加入丁酸鹽和其他短鏈脂肪酸可增加腸上皮細胞系局部耗氧量,從而穩定缺氧誘導因子并改善上皮屏障功能。
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