Abstract: With the transformation of policy, the deep military intervention of the United States on the South China Sea issue and the military deterrence against China will continue to upgrade. The South China Sea issue has tumbled into a hotspot of geostrategic clash between great powers. In order to comprehensively meet the major challenges posed by the United States to China on the South China Sea issue, upgrading and strengthening China's discourse power in the South China Sea has increasingly become an important part of the South China Sea Rights and stability activities. The core element of the right of speech is the rationality and legitimacy of policy statements and claims. China has an important historical and legal basis in the claim of sovereignty over the South China Sea. To upgrade China's discourse power in the South China Sea, we need to face the historical changes in the strategic situation of the South China Sea, so that China's South China Sea proposition can win more international understanding and support.
Keyword: discourse power; China-U.S.relations; strategic competitions; South China Sea conflict;
第二,應對菲律賓南海仲裁案的話語權競爭,中國一直堅持“不參與、不接受、不承認、不執行”的立場,同時在外交、法律和輿論界積極發聲,對南海仲裁案及仲裁裁決給予了堅定、明確、毫不妥協的反擊。2016年7月,南海仲裁案裁決即將出臺之際,中國智庫同美方合作在華盛頓召開“中美智庫南海問題對話會”。16中國前國務委員戴秉國發表主旨演講,指出“南海仲裁結果只不過是一張廢紙”。17中國學者也積極在海外學界發表學術論文,反駁仲裁裁決。182018年5月,中國國際法學會發表題為《南海仲裁案裁決之批判》的研究報告,揭示了南海仲裁案裁決在事實和法律方面的重大謬誤。牛津大學出版社在《中國國際法論刊》(Chinese Journal of International Law)以專刊形式出版該研究報告英文本,在國內外引起廣泛關注。近期美國和菲律賓政府重提南海仲裁案問題,中方立場非常明確——絕不談判,絕不妥協,絕不回頭,仲裁案問題對中國來說一張廢紙論絕不可能修復。
1有關南海問題在中美戰略競爭中的地位和作用的分析,請參見U.S.Department of Defense,“Annual Report to the Congress:Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019”;Bonnie S.Glazer,“Armed Clash in the South China Sea,”Council on Foreign Relations,2012。
2 Alan Chong,International security in the Asia-Pacific,New York:Palgrave MacMillan,2019;Evelyn Goh and Sheldon W.Simon,China,the United States and Southeast Asia:Contending Perspectives on Politics,Security and Economy,New York:Routledge,2008.
3 Charles S.Ripley,“Discourse in Foreign Policy,”Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics,May 30,2020,http://h-s.www.academia.edu.forest.naihes.cn/33579367/Discourse_in_Foreign_Policy.
4“話語權”在很大程度上是國家的軟實力,就是對國際社會和其他國家的“說服力”、規則的“執行力”和對國際秩序的“領導力”。See Joseph Nye,Jr.,Bound to Lead:The Changing Nature of American Power,New York:the Basic Book,1990
5孫吉勝:《中國國際話語權的塑造與提升路徑--以黨的十八大以來的中國外交實踐為例》,《世界經濟與政治》2019年第3期。
6 Panos Mourdoukoutas,“America Changes The Tone In South China Sea Disputes,”The Forbes,Mar 30,2019,http://h-s.www.forbes.com.forest.naihes.cn/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2019/03/30/a merica-changes-the-tone-insouth-china-seadisputes/#551c97b52c93.
7 Michael R.Pompeo,“Interview With Karmina Constantino o f ABS-CBN,”Interview at U.S.Embassy Manila,Philippines,March 1,2019,http://h-s.www.state.gov.forest.naihes.cn/secretary/remarks/2019/03/289800.htm.
8“China and America:Headed for a Showdown in the South China Sea?We take a look at what could happen next,”Stratfor Worldview,May 3,2019,http://h-s.nationalinterest.org.forest.naihes.cn/blog/buzz/china-and-america-headed-showdown-south-chinasea-55817.
9“South China Sea Arbitration Ruling:What Happened and What’s Next?”http://h-s.www.uscc.gov.forest.naihes.cn/research/south-chinasea-arbitration-ruling-what-happened-and-whats-next.
10“U.S.-China Diplomatic and Security Dialogue,”Nov.9,2018,http://h-s.www.state.gov.forest.naihes.cn/u-s-china-diplomatic-andsecurity-dialogue-3/;“Freedom of Navigation in South China Sea Critical to Prosperity,Says Indo-Pacific Commander,”Nov.23,2019,http://h-s.www.defense.gov.forest.naihes.cn/explore/story/Article/2025105/freedom-of-navigation-in-south-china-seacritical-to-prosperity-says-indo-pacif.
11《習近平在澳大利亞聯邦議會的演講》,2014年11月17日,http://theory.people.com.cn.forest.naihes.cn/n1/2018/0615/c40531-30060680.html。
12《習近平:南海航行和飛越自由從沒有問題將來也不會有問題》,2015年11月7日,http://news.cnr.cn.forest.naihes.cn/native/gd/20151107/t20151107_520430025.shtml。
13 Hannah Beech,“US Warship Enter Disputed Waters of south China Sea as Tensions with China Escalate,”New York Times,April 21,2020.
14中國國際法學會:《南海仲裁案裁決之批判》,北京:外文出版社,2018年,第417頁。
15 Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the United Nations to the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations,No.CML/17/2009 (7 May2009);Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the United Nations to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,No.CML/18/2009 (7May 2009).
16《中美智庫南海問題對話會在華盛頓舉行》,http://world.people.com.cn.forest.naihes.cn/n1/2016/0706/c1002-28527340.html。
17《戴秉國在美國最新演講:南海仲裁結果將是一張廢紙》,http://h-s.military.china.com.forest.naihes.cn/important/11132797/20160706/22995043_all.html。
18 Eg,Y Shi,L Ye,“Some Observations on the csil’s Critical Study on the South China Sea Arbitration Awards,”Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy,vol.3,no.2,2018,pp.332-338.
19《李克強:按既定時間表推進COC磋商》,http://www.xinhuanet.com.forest.naihes.cn/2019-11/03/c_1125186998.htm。
20《印尼不承認“九段線”在南海標注“北納土納海”》,http://h-s.news.china.com.forest.naihes.cn/focus/nanhai/11156618/20161206/30065913.html。
21“Fishing fuels conflict in the South China Sea,”Nov.3,2016,http://asia.nikkei.com.forest.naihes.cn/magazine/20161103-Smallcatch-big-conflicts/On-the-Cover/Fishing-fuels-conflict-inthe-South-China-Sea.